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Archaeology: Citation

This is a general guide for finding sources about archaeology.

What is a Citation?

A citation

  • describes a book, journal article, website, or other published item;
  • gives credit to the originator of an idea, thus preventing plagiarism;
  • enables the reader to retrieve the item you refer to;
  • includes the author, title, source (publisher and place of publication or URL), and date.

Why Cite?

Why should you cite your sources? 

  • To give credit to ideas that are not your own

  • To provide support for your argument (professor's love that!)

  • To enable your reader to find and read the sources you used -- this makes your research process transparent

  • To avoid Honor Code infractions and/or plagiarism!

What should you cite?

  • Exact wording taken from any source, including freely available websites
  • Paraphrases of passages
  • Indebtedness to another person for an idea
  • Use of another student's work
  • Use of your own previous work

Note: You DO NOT need to cite common knowledge.

Citation Guides

AAA Style Guide

As of 2015, AAA style (for all publications) follows the Chicago Manual of Style, particularly in regard to reference citations.

SAA Style

Society for American Archaeology style. Used for American Antiquity and Latin American Antiquity.

The Chicago Manual of Style Online

How to Prepare APA Citations

Chicago Citation Rules for Primary Source Documents

How to Prepare MLA Citations

MLA Citation Rules for Primary Source Documents

Citation Tools

Zotero Citation Management Tool: a free reference management software that allows you to collect, organize and cite your references with ease. The best feature of Zotero is its integration with Word (and other word processors), it creates the reference list in the style of your choice. 

Mendeley: A desktop and web program that stores document PDFs. Free, with additional storage and premium features available for purchase. Mendeley is particularly strong working with articles in the sciences. 

EndNote: EndNote is the most elaborate and well-established citation management tool, with many advanced features. It must be purchased, and has a steeper learning curve than the other tools listed here.

Other citation formatting tools merely help you word your citations in the appropriate format (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.). These tools are useful when you won’t need to return to your list of sources after completing an immediate project. 

Citation Machine: Free web tool for MLA and APA style citations.

EasyBib: Free MLA citation formatting, with APA and Chicago/Turabian formatting for a paid subscription.

NoodleBib: Part of Noodletools, a suite of tools for note-taking, outlining, and other writing tasks. Noodle tools requires a paid subscription, but has limited functionality with a free “MLAlite” account.

Definitions

A citation reflects all of the information a person would need to locate a particular source. For example, basic citation information for a book consists of name(s) of author(s) or editor(s), title of book, name of publisher, place of publication, and most recent copyright date.
 
A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting. 

A bibliography lists citations for all of the relevant resources a person consulted during his or her research.

In an annotated bibliography, each citation is followed by a brief note—or annotation—that describes and/or evaluates the source and the information found in it.

A works cited list presents citations for those sources referenced in a particular paper, presentation, or other composition.
 
An in-text citation consists of just enough information to correspond to a source's full citation in a Works Cited list. In-text citations often require a page number (or numbers) showing exactly where relevant information was found in the original source.